As mentioned previously, the ideal HEV should be as close to the
conventional vehicle as possible. Daimler Chrysler's Durango has proven
the viability of converting a standard vehicle to an efficient HEV.
With the conventional batteries and a smaller engine this parallel
hybrid has shown an improvement of 18%. The capacitors would have shown
an even better performance. Below we use a BMW-318i with 4 cylinder
engine versus BMW-320i with 6-cylinder engine to show that the car with
smaller engine can outperform the more powerful one.
With both vehicles being identical, except for the engines, the six-cylinder BMW is about 70 kg heavier than its counterpart:
| Car characteristics |
BMW-318i |
BMW-320i |
| Power(kW) |
75.0 |
95.0 |
| Specific power (kg/kW) |
13.5 |
11.4 |
| Max speed (km/h) |
184.0 |
200.0 |
| Acceleration (0-100 km/h) |
11.8 |
10.2 |
| Mass (kg) |
1010.0 |
1080.0 |
The six cylinder engine is 20kW more powerful than the four cylinder.
To compensate for this we use a 20 kW electric motor and a
super-capacitor rated to accept 25% of kinetic energy of the car
decelerating from 100 km/h to stop. The following is a list of
components necessary for the conversion:
| Specification of components |
Energy or Power |
Weight |
Supercapacitor
Electric motor max.
Controller
|
162 kJ
20 kW
|
54 kg
14 kg
5 kg
|
HEV MARKET FOR CAPACITORS
The hybrid electric vehicle market is forecast to enter the first
phases of high volume production in 2005. The following chart provides
a breakdown of the Total Available Market (TAM) in millions of dollars
by operating voltage level:
| Super-capacitor |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
< 12 volts
< 48 volts
> 48 volts
|
$267
$35
$14
|
352
59
52
|
378
63
96
|
412
70
155
|
476
80
498
|
693
91
908
|
1006
112
1275
|
| TAM |
$316 |
463 |
536 |
637 |
1054 |
1692 |
2394 |
